Zh.V. Tsaregradskaya Practical guide to caring for a newborn. Read online "child from conception to one year" Child from conception to one year read

Possibility of breastfeeding

Everyone can breastfeed!
Breastfeeding in the presence of a living and healthy baby is impossible only if the mother is absent or both mammary glands have been removed. A biological mother can feed twins, and even triplets, without using supplementary feeding for up to 5 months. Even twins and triplets can grow up to 4-5 months on exclusive breastfeeding. An adoptive mother can breastfeed a baby, even if she has not had her own children before. A true lack of milk, which modern mothers are so afraid of today, occurs in only 3% of women. The remaining 97% can breastfeed, although they often don't know it. Quite often, women complain that they lose milk due to everyday problems, instability, stress or nervous tension. It turns out there is no such reason. Research has convincingly proven that if a woman WANTS to FEED, she will do it anyway. So, as a rule, the “lack” of milk is the fault of the women themselves, who do not want to breastfeed their baby or follow illiterate recommendations. If a young mother is introduced to the basic rules and taught breastfeeding techniques, she will successfully breastfeed her baby for as long as desired and successfully stop lactation within physiological periods.

For breastfeeding to be successful, you must:
a woman's desire to breastfeed;
training in breastfeeding techniques and practices;
compliance with the basic rules of breastfeeding;
timely resolution of breastfeeding problems with the help of lactation consultants;
support for family members and experienced mothers who have positive experience of prolonged breastfeeding for more than 1 year.

Correct attachment to the breast

If the baby correctly grasps and sucks the mother's breast, then he can suck for as long as he likes without causing any trouble to the mother. Correct attachment to the breast protects a woman from cracks and abrasions on the nipples, lactostasis (blockage of the milk duct), mastitis, etc. Therefore, it is very important to learn how to properly attach your baby to the breast and monitor this throughout the entire period of breastfeeding. As a rule, learning to attach correctly occurs during the first month of life. However, the main period when a child needs reminders and prompts from the mother is the period from birth to 8 months. If the baby grasps the breast incorrectly or changes position during feeding, it is necessary to remove the breast and invite him to grab it again. You should not be afraid to correct the baby and invite him to take the breast only in the correct position - he is waiting for the mother's prompt and is ready to learn. This expectation and readiness are inherent in his nature, since without them he cannot survive.

If the child has been taught to latch on the breast incorrectly, then he and the mother will be forced to relearn. If the mother acts confidently, retraining occurs within 4 to 10 days. Even if the baby sulks and cries, not wanting to take the breast correctly, this is not a reason to abandon retraining. In the process of sucking in the correct position, the child receives the amount of endorphins necessary to compensate for stress. These hormones of happiness and joy are produced in him during the sucking process, and, in addition, he receives them from mother's milk. Thus, mother's milk and the process of sucking in the correct position are a means for the child to achieve psycho-emotional comfort. That is why the stress that he will experience while relearning is incomparably less compared to the constant stress that he receives as a result of everyday incorrect sucking. Sucking in the wrong position leads to chronic stress and adversely affects the development of the child's nervous system. In addition, it can negatively affect the correct formation of the maxillofacial apparatus and teeth.
When applied correctly:
feeding a baby does not cause pain; pain can only occur when the baby latches on to the breast;
nipple injuries, mastitis and other problems do not occur;
the baby sucks enough milk;
The duration of feeding does not matter.
If applied incorrectly:
Painful sensations occur when feeding a child;
nipple damage, mastitis, lactostasis and other problems occur;
there is a need to limit feeding time;
The baby sucks out little milk and doesn’t get enough to eat.
Comfortable feeding position
It is very important that when feeding, the mother takes a comfortable position herself and gives a comfortable position to the baby. A comfortable feeding position ensures a good flow of milk from the breast and prevents lactostasis.

Lying and sitting poses from under the arm are required for demonstration and teaching. Feeding in the basic sitting and sitting position is more difficult to perform. Therefore, it is advisable to learn these two poses after mastering the correct application in the “under-the-arm” and “lying” poses for 3-7 days.
Feeding on demand

Breastfeeding is a mutual process, therefore, speaking of feeding on demand, we mean demands not only from the child, but also from the mother.

Feeding on baby's demand. Basically, the frequency of feedings is regulated by the child. Any restlessness, crying, or searching behavior when the baby turns his head and catches nearby objects with his mouth is an expression of the requirement to attach to the breast. The baby in the first months of life must be put to the breast for any reason, giving him the opportunity to suckle when he wants and as much as he wants. This is necessary not only for satiating the child, but also for his psycho-emotional comfort. For psychological comfort, the baby can be attached to the breast up to 4 times per hour. In total, during the first months of life, a baby has 12-20 feedings per day.

There is no need to be afraid that with frequent latching the baby will overeat. The baby’s gastrointestinal tract is adapted not to feeding by the hour, but to continuous feeding! The baby's intestines are adapted to digest breast milk in unlimited quantities. At the beginning of a baby's life, the activity of his own enzymes is low, but a constant supply of active substances in breast milk stimulates the activity of the baby's enzymes. In addition, breast milk contains enzymes that aid in its own absorption. Thus, breast milk is a unique food that helps digest itself. That is why it is absorbed much better than any supermix.

Feeding rhythm. The baby's demands are not chaotic, but are distributed throughout the day in a certain rhythm. For a baby during the first 2 months of life, the approximate interval between requirements during the daytime is 1 - 1.5 hours. Basically, sucking accompanies the baby's sleep - the stages of falling asleep and waking up. If there are reasons for discomfort, the frequency of the baby's demands increases, and he begins to suck more often and for longer. Once the discomfort is overcome, the baby returns to the previous frequency characteristic of his age. Children who have had a difficult birth and have a high level of anxiety suck very often and for a long time. As soon as the stress is compensated, the frequency of sucking decreases to normal.

Starting from 2 months, breastfeeding becomes less frequent. The interval between them increases to 1.5 - 2 hours, but feedings are still surrounded by the child's dreams. The nightly rhythm of application does not change. By 4-6 months, breastfeeding becomes even less frequent, but, nevertheless, their number does not fall below 12 feedings per day, and they are still associated with sleep. This is the optimal number of times the baby is put to the breast to ensure normal lactation for the mother.

Feeding at the request of the mother. During the period of breastfeeding, mother and child represent a symbiosis, which involves satisfying the desires of both parties. The mother may also need to put the baby to the breast approximately every 1.5 - 2 hours. This need, as well as the child’s need, must be realized, since it coincides with the rhythm of the child’s needs for attachment to the breast. This need is usually detected when the baby sleeps for more than 1.5 hours. The mother's chest becomes full and she wants to put her baby to it. When this desire arises, there are no obstacles to offering the breast to the sleeping baby. Usually the baby reacts to the mother’s demand: she brings him to the breast and begins to irritate the baby’s lower lip with the nipple; in response to this call, he begins to open his mouth and catch the nipple. Every mother should know that breastfeeding and baby's sleep are processes that do not interfere with each other and can be implemented in parallel. Moreover, babies prefer to sleep under their mother's breast, peacefully sucking on it. Feeding at the request of the mother is especially important for weakened children (sick, low birth weight, premature). Guided by her internal rhythm, the mother herself should offer the breast to the baby once every 1-2 hours. She should be concerned if the baby has not been attached to the breast for a long time. This is especially important for babies in the first 3 months of life.
Feeding and hunger
In the minds of a newborn baby, feeding is not associated with a feeling of hunger. The feeling of hunger in the form in which adults experience it is formed in a child only by 6 months of life. Instead of hunger, the newborn experiences discomfort, which is relieved by sucking. This is an intrauterine habit. Long before birth, driven by the need to train the sucking reflex, the fetus sucks its arms, umbilical cord loops and everything that floats past its mouth. Once born, he continues to relieve discomfort by sucking. Nature expected that after birth the baby would experience discomfort for any reason and relieve it by sucking the breast. When suckling at the breast, the baby receives an additional portion of endorphins - hormones of happiness, joy and peace of mind. Therefore, only at the breast can he calm down, and at the same time be satisfied. This is the only way to feed a creature that does not feel hungry. Thus, sucking on demand is sucking to achieve psycho-emotional comfort and satiety.

It is precisely because the baby does not feel hungry that he can sleep through feeding. In this case, feeding at the request of the mother, who feels the need to feed her baby and will not allow him to take too long pauses between breastfeeding, turns out to be life-saving. Feeding at the request of the mother is especially important until the baby is 8-9 months old, until he develops a feeling of hunger and learns to independently regulate the need for feeding.
Duration of feeding
When the baby is satisfied, he feels comfort, stops sucking and lets go of the breast. There is no need to interrupt feeding after a certain period of time and wean the baby from the breast. Different babies stay at the breast for different lengths of time. Most of them are satiated within 20-40 minutes, and some babies can nurse for 1 hour or more.

The duration of sucking is due to the fact that milk is distributed in the breast in such a way that at the beginning of feeding the baby receives early milk, rich in water, minerals and carbohydrates, i.e. drinks, and only after 3-7 minutes of sucking does he reach late milk, rich in fats and proteins, and begins to actually eat. When the baby reaches late fatty milk, he begins to fall asleep, since fatty milk causes drowsiness, and goes into the stage of sluggish sucking. It is at this moment that the mother may decide that the baby has eaten and fallen asleep and takes him away from the breast. Therefore, often mothers, not knowing about this feature, only give their children water and do not let them eat, taking them away from the breast too early. Particularly valuable are the moments when the baby sleeps at the breast and slowly sucks on it - it is at this time that he is fully saturated. A mother should be concerned if a baby under 2 months of age suckles for only 5-10 minutes and does not express a desire to sleep under the breast.

The duration of feeding depends significantly on the age of the child. The smaller the child, the more often and more acutely he experiences a feeling of discomfort, and the longer and more often he stays at the breast. As the baby grows older, he begins to experience discomfort less frequently and less acutely. In addition, he becomes strong and agile enough to quickly cope with a fairly large volume of milk. Therefore, from 2-3 months, children begin to have short-term breastfeeding, which are necessary to achieve psycho-emotional comfort, and continue to have long sucking for satiation, which are grouped around dreams.
Feeding from both breasts
You should not transfer the baby to the second breast before he has suckled the first. Since the milk in the mother's breast is heterogeneous and is divided into earlier milk, which the baby receives at the beginning of feeding, and later milk, which the child receives at the end of feeding, there should be no rush to offer the baby a second breast. If the mother rushes to give the baby a second breast, then he will not receive late milk, rich in fats. As a result, he may experience digestive problems: lactase deficiency, foamy stools, etc. When feeding on demand, you should ensure that each mammary gland is offered to the baby for 1-2 hours and only then changed to another. Attaching to one breast for 1-2 hours will allow the baby to receive milk later and ensure proper bowel function.

In the first months of feeding, the mother alternates breasts every 1-2 hours. A baby may only need to breastfeed after 5 months.
Night feedings and co-sleeping
Night feedings are necessary to maintain full, long-term lactation. Breastfeeding between 3 and 8 a.m. stimulates milk production in sufficient quantities for subsequent feedings during the day. During this period, at least 2-3 feedings should be organized. For better development, the child must receive both day and night milk.

Sleeping together between mother and baby makes nighttime feedings easier and allows mom to rest better. A child who sleeps next to him does not need to get up, and his sleep is much calmer and longer. Therefore, the mother’s sleep becomes more complete in depth and duration. The opinion that a mother can lean on and “sleep” the baby is unfounded. A woman can harm her newborn only if she is intoxicated or has taken sleeping pills. The risk of "sudden death" is much higher among children who sleep separately from their mother. In addition, night feedings up to 6 months protect a woman from next pregnancy in 96% of cases.

If a woman is worried about the life and health of her child when he sleeps separately from her, then she is a real mother.
Should I stand my baby up after feeding?

If the baby catches air during feeding, there is no need to give him a vertical position so that he burps this air. From the very beginning, the child must learn to cope with this problem on his own, freeing himself from excess air in the process of changing positions. If the baby falls asleep under the breast, then you can safely leave him to sleep in the same position. When he wakes up and his mother takes him in her arms and begins to move with him, changing the position of his body, he will have the opportunity to burp the air that is bothering him. It was this mechanism that wise nature was counting on.

Motherhood is a very comfortable process in which there is nothing special.
Exclusion of supplementary feeding of the child
Breast milk is a balanced food and drink for babies. It fully satisfies all the child’s vital needs. With properly organized breastfeeding, including proper attachment, frequent and prolonged feedings of the baby, co-sleeping and night feeding, the baby does not need additional nutrition until 6 months of age.

A baby who is on properly organized exclusive breastfeeding does not need additional feeding until 6 months of age. And from 6 months he should start introducing complementary foods.
Avoiding extra drinking for a child
To maintain proper breastfeeding and the health of the child, the mother should completely stop giving her baby supplements not only with water, but also with various teas, dill water etc. Previously, pediatricians advised supplementing the baby with water, because they considered breast milk exclusively as food and were afraid of dehydration. These fears are unfounded. Breast milk contains 87-90% water, therefore, with full, frequent breastfeeding, the baby’s need for fluid is fully met. Many studies have proven that even in hot climates, mother's milk fully satisfies all the baby's fluid needs. In addition, the centers of thirst and satiety in the brain of a newborn practically coincide and are satisfied at the same time. When supplementing with water, we deceive the baby, creating a false feeling of satiety. This leads to sluggish sucking and a decreased need for breast milk.

When breastfeeding the baby, the mother's milk supply decreases, and breastfeeding may end by 3-6 months.
The dangers of bottle feeding and the use of pacifiers
Babies suckle differently from the breast and from a bottle or pacifier. A baby who has been bottle-fed or given a pacifier will not latch onto the mother's breast properly, so after bottle feeding and using a pacifier, the mother may have problems. Numerous examples prove that sometimes even one bottle feeding is enough for the child to refuse the breast, and a lot of complications arise with further breastfeeding. Using a pacifier causes the baby to latch onto the breast incorrectly, which can cause nipple injuries. In addition, it is known that even short-term use of a pacifier can lead to insufficient weight gain in the child and a reduction in lactation in the mother.

If a woman really wants to breastfeed her baby, then among the baby care items there should not be a bottle with a nipple or a pacifier.
Breast washing
When washing the breast, especially with soap, a protective layer of a special lubricant is removed from the skin of the nipple and the surrounding area, which softens them and contains protective factors that prevent pathogens from penetrating the skin of the breast. Frequently washing nipples with soap dries the skin and leads to abrasions, cracks and mastitis. Therefore, you should not wash your breasts before each feeding.

It is enough to wash your breasts with plain water without soap daily or once every 3-7 days while taking a regular hygienic shower or bath.
Pumping
If the mother feeds the baby on demand, then there is no need to express milk after each feeding. During normal lactation, pumping interferes with natural feeding, since it takes up time that would be better devoted to the child or household chores, and causes inconvenience. Pumping may be necessary in case of problems - breast engorgement, treatment of lactostasis or mastitis, treatment of cracked nipples, lack of milk to increase its production, in case of forced separation of mother and child in order to preserve milk, etc. The need for pumping will be determined by a lactation consultant.

Regular additional pumping can lead to a reduction in the amount of milk and cessation of lactation or, conversely, to hyperlactation and a high risk of lactostasis and mastitis.
How to check if your baby has enough milk?
To make sure that the baby is getting enough breast milk, you need to regularly perform a “wet diaper” test and weigh the baby once every 1-2 months, and if something is bothering you, then once a week. A healthy child with adequate nutrition gains weight from 120 to 500 grams every week. Frequent control weighings performed daily or even several times a day do not provide objective information about the nutritional status of the baby. Moreover, control weighings irritate mother and child, as a result of which the baby gains worse weight and the mother’s lactation decreases. Much more informative is the “wet diaper” test, which consists of counting the number of urinations during the day. With adequate nutrition, a baby can produce from 10 to 20 wet diapers per day. The counting of urinations must be carried out exactly for a full day, for example, from 11.00 to 11.00 in the morning, because their frequency changes during the day. They are more frequent in the morning and become rarer in the afternoon. If there are 6-8 urinations, we can say that the child is not dehydrated, but his nutrition can be improved.

A combination of a wet diaper test performed 2-3 times a week and weekly weigh-ins will help ensure that the baby is adequately nourished.

Zh. V. Tsaregradskaya

Evgenia/ 11/19/2018 Wonderful book! The author is very knowledgeable and competent in what she does! I recommend it to everyone! I fell in love with this book and now I have it on my desk! I want it in print, but I can’t find it anywhere!

Nina/ 07/23/2016 The book is excellent, the EP did not work out for individual reasons. And GV each letter was checked personally and very successfully! Do you want happy children? Just breastfeed them until they are at least 3 years old.

Guest/ 01/04/2016 The book is good, but I would be critical of the author’s words. The mother, according to the author, will not be able to feed the child without the help of other mothers or a lactation consultant, because she does not know how to properly pick him up and place him on the pear. Well, isn't it funny?

Camilla/ 12/27/2015 I really liked the book. She was my support during my first pregnancy and after, thanks to Zhanna’s advice, I breastfed for 1.5 years!!! Now I'm going back to reading it again. Thanks to the author!!!

Svetlana/ 11/7/2015 sucks. I didn’t find anything I needed in a hundred pages. some scientific descriptions. no specific actions. wasted time

Claire/ 07/09/2015 I didn’t like the book! Who wants to know all the adverse consequences for a child due to any intervention in natural childbirth, read. I read half the book and couldn't stand it anymore. Yes, there are some interesting things that I didn’t know, some that are quite reasonable, but most of them are negative. It's better to get useful information in another form

Elnara/ 01/17/2015 how to buy?

Julia/ 02/25/2014 The book was very impressive. I read it in electronic form, now I want to buy it because... a lot of valuable information, I want to re-read it.

Elena/ 05/16/2013 Excellent book! What is important is that there are links to research, and not just guesses and assumptions.

Tatiana/ 04/03/2013 The book is amazing. Someone lost my first book. I'll buy a second one if I find it. Now my daughter is over 3 years old. I still breastfeed and eat everything. She is not picky about her appetite, he is a very balanced, lively and affectionate baby! We want company for our daughter. The breasts are not sagging, there are no problems with sleep - we all sleep together. I've traveled with her a lot already. We have a lot of fun and interesting together. I didn't put myself on the altar. We all together get great pleasure from life in our family and together with our many friends! Many thanks to the author!!!

Svetlana/ 03/21/2013 The book is truly unique. For those who are interested in it, I recommend also reading A. Alishani, D. Streltsov Nine months and a whole life, and I. Bauer Life without a diaper

Maria/ 02/20/2013 Thanks to this book, the first year of motherhood passed calmly and joyfully. Thanks a lot!!!

Natalia/ 08/28/2012 The book is very valuable. Every woman should read at least one such book before starting to raise a child. The book allows you to avoid many mistakes. the main thing is to read carefully, and if something is not clear, then re-read)))

ANS/ 07/14/2012 I am raising a baby based on Tsaregradskaya’s books - calm, healthy, well-fed and I don’t sacrifice myself, the main thing is to raise a HUMAN BEING. Of course, it’s not good for a young mother to hang out in restaurants and clubs and the dad has to work, there was a newborn in the family and relatives should help the mother be with the baby longer, and not take the baby and sit with him. Real mothers appreciated the book. I use diapers, I have my own opinion on this, but otherwise everything fits very well and I discovered a lot of amazing things about motherhood and it’s not at all annoying to be with the baby all the time! After all, you see so many new things when you raise a PERSON!!! What could be better!
Mommies, I recommend reading through the prism of LOVE, and not through the prism of EGOism! After all, here is the EXPERIENCE of a real mother!

Love/ 06/09/2012 The book is suitable only for those mothers who think about the child and not about themselves. Wonderful, it’s a pity our doctors don’t use it.

Vika/ 05/31/2012 I didn’t like the book. It is written too pretentiously and too peremptorily, and sometimes funny, about diapers, for example)))

Ally/ 03/20/2012 I really didn’t like the book. The author is too categorical and critical. I started reading while pregnant and became despondent. The author claims that you MUST breastfeed, saying you don’t need to think about the condition of your breasts after feeding, after 30 they will still sag. And in this spirit... Mother, put yourself on the altar of serving the child, forget about yourself and your needs. This approach is not close to me, I believe that if the mother is happy and harmonious, has common sense, studies various approaches and techniques, but does not betray herself, then everything will be OK.

Ksenia/ 01/19/2012 Thanks to the author for the book! I liked it very much! Helped a lot! From literature - this topic - I recommend Tsaregradskaya to my friends

Tatiana/ 10/4/2011 This is the best there is on this topic. Thank you very much to the author for detailed explanations, descriptions and good spirit! THANK YOU!

Julia/ 08/12/2011 I really liked the book. This is what I needed!!!

Alla/ 05/13/2011 But I didn’t like the book. There is a lot of unnecessary and demagoguery on the topic of an ideal maternity hospital. In general, the whole book is in the spirit of “You need to feed properly, raise correctly, you need to help the child go to the toilet, you need...” That is, only “needs” and not a word about how to help, how and what to do. For me, as an expectant mother, this book was useless. Rather, it should become a manual for midwives.

Zh. V. Tsaregradskaya

Child from conception to one year

Universal benefit

A single monthly description of the development of a child from the moment of fertilization until he is 12 months after birth

Tsaregradskaya Zhanna Vladimirovna- a teacher by training (preschool education), an experienced breastfeeding consultant (14 years of work experience), holder of the exclusive profession of psychologist-perinatologist, specializes in the education of young children (the formation of the psyche and behavior from conception to 3 years of life), is most passionate about perinatal period and the first year of the child’s life, mother of six children, each of whom she breastfed until 2 years old.

Activity. Zh.V. Tsaregradskaya has been involved in perinatal education of a child for 16 years. She officially began working as a specialist and director of the prenatal training center in 1989. She devoted a lot of time not only to classes with pregnant women and nursing mothers (establishing breastfeeding, learning how to care for a newborn), but also to collecting material to prepare women for motherhood. A special topic of study was the formation of the child’s behavior and psyche, the patterns of his natural development at an early age (from conception to 3 years of life), as well as the correlation between the mother’s behavior and the needs of the baby. In 1990–1991, Zhanna Vladimirovna took an active part in preparing pregnant women for childbirth and provided psychological support to women in labor at the maternity hospital at the 70th Clinical Hospital in Moscow. During this period, assistance was provided to more than 200 mothers and newborns.

Research and collection of information in this direction allowed Zhanna Vladimirovna to create the program “Psychology of Successful Motherhood” and the three-volume work “Culture of Motherhood”, intended for training prenatal training instructors. Part of the program aimed at humanizing obstetric care and supporting breastfeeding began to be implemented in maternity hospital No. 6 in Moscow from 1995 to 1999. Classes were held here with medical staff, psychological support was provided to women in labor, which made it possible to minimize drug interventions during childbirth, and regular classes with pregnant women and nursing mothers in postnatal care units. Thanks to joint work, it was possible to significantly increase breastfeeding rates (from 10 to 35% in the first 3 months of a child’s life) and improve the condition of women and children in the first days after birth, as stated by obstetricians and pediatricians at the maternity hospital. The result of this work was that Zhanna Vladimirovna was awarded the exclusive profession of “psychologist-perinatologist” in 1998 and the title of WHO/UNICEF “Baby-Friendly Hospital” was awarded to maternity hospital No. 6 in 1999. During this period, more than 300 mothers were provided with assistance. In addition, detailed observations were made of the development of children in the first year of life at home using specially designed diaries, which made it possible to better understand the principles of child development and the formation of his behavior. In total, it was possible to conduct detailed observations of 165 children. In 1998, on the initiative of Zh.V. Tsaregradskaya in Moscow created the first public breastfeeding support group in Russia, implementing the idea of ​​helping mothers to mothers. The following year, 1999, Zhanna Vladimirovna developed a course “Counseling on Breastfeeding Issues” for the training of public breastfeeding consultants. In addition, due to the extremely low health indicators of young children in Russia, Zhanna Vladimirovna developed the “Healthy Children - the Hope of Russia” program, approved by the Union of Pediatricians of St. Petersburg and taken as the basis for her work. At the end of 1999, under the leadership of Zhanna Vladimirovna, a group of breastfeeding consultants began providing extensive consultations to mothers in maternity hospitals. In addition, the Moscow support group holds monthly meetings with breastfeeding mothers to support breastfeeding.

Publications. Zhanna Vladimirovna is the author of more than 40 popular science articles on motherhood, breastfeeding and infant development, published in parenting magazines, as well as in other periodicals. She is the author of the brochures " For the expectant mother about pregnancy and life before birth”, “Attitude towards a pregnant woman in folk tradition”, “Attitude towards a pregnant woman in the Orthodox tradition”, “The world of feelings and sensations before birth”, “Successful breastfeeding”, as well as a textbook for medical and pedagogical schools “Perinatal Psychology”, the first in Russia and so far has no analogues. In 1999, Zhanna Vladimirovna, in collaboration with pediatrician, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor E.M. Fateeva wrote a training manual for medical personnel in maternity and childhood institutions, “Breastfeeding and the psychological unity of mother and child.” In this textbook, for the first time in the history of Russian educational medical literature, a section “Psychology of the newborn” appeared, where the born and newborn baby is presented as a being endowed with psycho-emotional life. Address for letters:

11152, Moscow, PO Box No. 27 or e-mail [email protected]

Introductory part

The art of education has the peculiarity that it seems familiar and understandable to almost everyone, and even easy to others, and the more understandable and easier it seems, the less a person is familiar with it, theoretically or practically.

K.D. Ushinsky

Education is the process of deliberate, purposeful formation in children of the desired personality traits. The process of education itself continuously accompanies the growth and development of any person who is not in complete isolation, but lives and grows in society. When talking about a child growing up in a family, the process of upbringing is usually understood as the organized joint activity of the family and preschool, and later school and out-of-school institutions. In a broader sense, education includes not only purposeful activities aimed at developing certain qualities of the child’s personality, but also his general environment, social environment, moral, ethical and religious beliefs, as well as the value system of the people around him, which influence indirectly. On the other hand, the process of purposeful formation of the desired personal qualities begins far from preschool age and does not end with obtaining a matriculation certificate. For example, the characteristics of the nervous system and the type of temperament are formed in the child in the womb, and their formation is influenced by the psycho-emotional state of the woman during pregnancy, her state of health, nutrition and much more. At the same time, an already formed mature person can deliberately form some qualities in himself, that is, engage in his own upbringing. If we take into account that a personality is formed under the influence of a set of objective and subjective, internal and external, natural and social factors, then it becomes obvious that education is a continuous process of purposeful formation of a personality, carried out first by the parents of this personality, then by them in collaboration with those existing in society the education system, and subsequently the individual himself. In accordance with age periods In a person’s life, upbringing can be divided into the stages discussed below.

Child development before birth

Pregnancy

Pregnancy is the process of a woman carrying an unborn baby in her womb. It lasts from the moment of conception until childbirth. More scientifically, we can say that pregnancy is a natural physiological process of development of a fertilized egg, as a result of which a new creature is formed that can exist outside the mother’s body.

Pregnancy lasts approximately ten lunar months, or 280 days. Each lunar, or obstetric, month is four weeks. As a rule, the duration of pregnancy is calculated in weeks, therefore it is 40 weeks. Thus:

1 month - 4 weeks;

2 months - 8 weeks;

3 months - 12 weeks;

4 months - 16 weeks;

5 months - 20 weeks;

6 months - 24 weeks;

7 months - 28 weeks

8 months - 32 weeks

9 months - 36 weeks;

10 months - 40 weeks.

Ten lunar months correspond to approximately nine solar calendar months. Hence the idea that pregnancy lasts 9 months. But calculating the duration of pregnancy by solar months is inaccurate and therefore is not used in obstetric practice.

It should be noted that the duration of pregnancy is determined individually for each woman and depends on many factors. On average, the deadline is considered to be 270–290 days, or 38–41.5 weeks. Childbirth occurring during this period is considered urgent, that is, occurring on time.

Beginning of pregnancy

The beginning of a new life is given by the fusion of male and female reproductive cells. In their fused nuclei, 23 maternal and 23 paternal chromosomes meet, giving impetus to the development of a new human being. But the moment of fertilization of the egg (female reproductive cell) is not yet the beginning of pregnancy: fertilization occurs in the fallopian tube and only then the fertilized egg moves into the uterus ( rice. 1).

Publisher: Astrel

Year of publication: 2005

Russian language

Age: from 0 to 1 year

This book is the first textbook in Russia on perinatal education. Much attention is paid to the description of the symbiotic unity of mother and child. In addition, for the first time a description is given of the psychological characteristics of a woman during pregnancy, childbirth and breastfeeding, presented as a single line.

The publication is addressed to specialists working with pregnant women and newborns, as well as those preparing to become parents.

Examples from the book Tsaregradskaya Zh.V. "Child from conception to one year"

Developmental tasks for a child in the first year of life

When caring for a child in his first year of life, it is necessary to understand exactly what developmental tasks he is solving during this period of his life. The developmental tasks of the infant should include familiarity with their body, motor development, familiarity with the outside world, primary social adaptation, the formation of eating behavior and the establishment of control over urination and defecation.

Getting to know your body

A newborn, as we said above, does not know that he has a body. Initially, the baby is only aware of the presence of a mouth. As he develops, he finds his hands and begins to examine them, then he discovers his stomach, then his genitals and legs. The next step is to examine the head and face. Gradually discovering different parts of his body, the child learns to control them. When helping a child solve this problem, it is very important to allow him to get acquainted not with socks and overalls, but with his own legs and arms. It is important that parts of his body are imprinted in his mind, not items of clothing. The least hindrance to him from getting to know his own body is undershirts, shirts, T-shirts and T-shirts that cover the upper part of the body. This is due to the fact that the baby begins to become familiar with the chest and back after one year.

Motor development

The development of an infant's motor skills occurs in parallel with the process of learning and awareness of his own body. By the age of one year, the child should master the skills of independent walking. The stages of this path are mastering rolls on the stomach and back, then mastering the ability to crawl, sit up independently and stand without support. All these skills are necessary for the baby as preparation for independently maintaining balance when walking. In order for the baby to more successfully learn the skill of maintaining balance, it is necessary that his legs are bare. If a child's feet are covered with socks or boots, their dexterity and confidence in movement are significantly reduced. Through a sock and especially a shoe, the child’s foot does not feel the surface on which he is standing. This prevents the baby from balancing and maintaining balance, and disrupts the coordination of his movements.