Family cultural traditions examples. Custom - what is it? Examples of legal, national, folk customs and business customs. Ideas of modern traditions

Hello, dear readers of the blog site. The human psyche seeks to reduce the instinctive feeling of anxiety associated with the desire to survive.

To do this, people consciously and unconsciously organize a clear, predictable reality around themselves: all our life activities are built on the basis of certain rules and patterns.

As an example: eating a tram ticket, curling your nose at the sight of a black cat, or waving your panties out the window to attract good weather. When people return home to retrieve a forgotten item, they look in the mirror. And the empty bottle on the table? Funny? And many believe and practice this, believing that this way life will become better and happier.

Perhaps once upon a time there was a reasonable explanation for all this nonsense, corresponding to the level of mental development of the people who invented them. But time flows, develops, progress moves briskly and, in theory, such customs should leave people’s consciousness. But we continue to adhere to them, forgetting what they are for and where they come from.

The first sign that the custom it's worth saying goodbye– its uselessness, loss of public interest in it. Thus, witnesses disappeared from the marriage registration procedure, although they were once considered almost family members. Girls' Christmas fortune-telling and other familiar rituals have almost disappeared into oblivion.

What are they needed for

Each country has its own national customs that reflect the consciousness of the public. What are they needed for? To remain different preserve your culture and history. Russian people are different from others in their originality, speech,...

We are proud of our roots, achievements and exploits of our ancestors. By borrowing behavioral habits from other peoples, we will cease to be who we are: we will forget our past, change our thinking and become part of someone else's society.

Currently, global Americanization is taking place all over the world. Just 20 years ago, Russians didn’t know what fast food and a sweatshirt were, but today, instead of the familiar “good,” we say “ok.”

Most of the products we consume from various fields of activity are not ours (food, words, technology, art, etc.). Nobody argues that sharing experience in itself is useful. The main thing is not to cross the line and understand where is yours and where is someone else’s.

Examples of customs of different nations

As stated above, stereotypical behavior becomes automatic and is not subject to logical analysis.

In this regard, many of these behavioral acts have lost the history of their origin.

Let us give examples of customs, and at the same time remember how they appeared:

1. In male society, it is customary to say hello through handshake. If this happens in the cold season, then gloves should be removed. Nowadays, such a gesture is considered a sign of respect. However, initially, the hands were exposed to demonstrate to the other the absence of weapons and the purity of their intentions. It meant “I come in peace.”
2. Every year at the end of winter, Russian people celebrate Maslenitsa- folk festivals dedicated to seeing off winter and welcoming spring. Burning an effigy symbolizes farewell to the cold season. In the old days, young boys and girls in love jumped over a fire, clasping their hands: if their hands did not open during the jump, then a happy future awaited them. Now such a ritual has been canceled due to its unsafety.
3. And here Thais Every year on one November day, boats with flowers and incense are launched along the river, paying tribute and showing respect to the spirits of the water.
4. There is a wonderful custom in Kenya: the first month after the wedding, the young husband performs all women's work around the house. This is done so that he later understands that being a housewife is not as easy as it seems, and he never reproaches his wife for not working.
5. In the Caucasus The custom still lives on. At the legislative level, such actions are prohibited, but servants of the people often turn a blind eye to this and justify those who take revenge under any pretext.
6. At French train stations forbidden kiss, because once upon a time the perons were very narrow and hugging people created obstacles for others. Now the stations have already been disrupted, but the custom still exists and is supported by law (you can get a fine).
7. If in Greece you are going to go to someone’s house, then know that there is nothing in it you can't praise. According to their custom, the praised item must be immediately presented to the guest. Can you imagine what will happen if you start praising everything around you? Therefore, the Greeks considered it indecent to praise someone else’s goodness.
8. In Norwegian schools, teachers never not voiced student evaluations in front of the whole class: this information is considered confidential. This happened for reasons of preserving the honor and dignity of students. A deuce voiced in front of everyone can humiliate a child’s personality and undermine his self-esteem.
9. In South Korea, the indigenous people are accustomed to eating very spicy food, which brings tears to their eyes. If you find yourself visiting and didn't cry during a meal, the owner of the house may be offended, considering that his treats are not spicy enough for you.
10. Before matchmaking, Turkish men must buy the girl they like jewelry in the amount of at least 10 thousand US dollars. In this way, the groom demonstrates his material wealth and convinces the parents of his future wife that he can support their daughter with dignity.

Good luck to you! See you soon on the pages of the blog site

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What is custom? These are rules of behavior that have become entrenched in the minds of the people through repeated repetitions. What customs exist, where they come from and where they disappear, read about all this below.

What is custom

As mentioned above, rules of behavior that have become norms for people due to repeated repetition. This includes customs that are performed on holidays, as well as those that become a daily routine. Mostly people follow them out of habit, without really thinking about the meaning of the actions. Every society has its own customs. Some of them are regulated by the state, while others are observed within the same family. How long does it take for a habit to become a habit? At least for several years, at least 3-4.

How does tradition differ from custom?

Concepts are best learned by comparison. We already know what a custom is, but now let's talk about tradition. What it is? Traditions are a complex of all kinds of actions that are passed on from generation to generation with the aim of preserving and developing culture. And scale plays a role here. Tradition can be considered a local phenomenon, but more often it is created and maintained on a national scale. Nobody forces people to follow established traditions; this is a voluntary matter.

Now let's look at the differences. Tradition is much broader than customs, since it most often has a larger territorial scope. People perform various rituals and sets of actions, often without thinking about the hidden meaning that their ancestors laid in them. But such traditions are supported by the state, since it considers them an integral part of culture. But folk customs often change under the influence of time, government, and the way of human thinking. But for the most part, people do not see much difference in these concepts.

How customs arise

Man is a complex creature. And to better understand what customs are, you need to find out how people create them. Initially, such rituals, or repeated actions, were performed by humans in order to survive. It was a kind of reaction to discomfort. People started the custom of killing a mammoth once a week so as not to go hungry. The girls sewed clothes from animal skins once a month so as not to die from the cold. There were many such small local customs in any society, and they still exist today. True, our contemporaries do not have to survive, so rituals are aimed not at human biological needs, but at creating mental comfort. If you think about it, many of the unconscious rituals that are established in our society do not have any logical basis behind them. Such customs and signs are common among superstitious people. Why do students eat lucky tickets from the bus before the test?

Why do people, when returning home if they have forgotten something, always look in the mirror? There were once explanations for these customs, but today they are impossible to find. Life is too changeable. Each person has the opportunity to create his own customs. How? Before an important event, he can develop the habit of walking outside for an hour to clear his head, or introduce summing up the day into his evening ritual.

How customs disappear

Time passes, everything changes. Human life is very fickle. Today one job, tomorrow another, today one love, and tomorrow you can meet a new one. That's why customs have to change. An example of such changes: the disappearance of witnesses at weddings.

Previously, these people played the same important role as the bride and groom. But over time, the custom of inviting witnesses lost its relevance. Today, newlyweds get along just fine without them, which means there is no need to appoint friends to this role.

Another example is Epiphany fortune-telling. Previously, girls did this activity every year. Today this custom has fallen out of favor. Young ladies do not want to spend time in a dark bathhouse in the company of candles and mirrors. They have more exciting things to do. It turns out that customs know how to die due to changing public interests.

• vital;
• lifestyle;
• imposed from outside;
• rituals and ceremonies.

Why are customs needed?

Today there is American globalization of all countries. Most of the goods and services that we are used to consuming every day are not the product of our culture. Morals and customs must be known and observed so as not to lose your roots and nationality. After all, Russia is a country with its own unique culture, speech and art. Of course, it is necessary to modernize the country by updating customs and traditions, but this does not mean that it is necessary to borrow them from other countries. Why is it so bad to borrow someone else's culture, because previously it was the norm of life and when one country was captured by another, the culture was imposed against the will of the citizens. But today it seems terrible, because, forgetting their history, people are restructuring their thinking. And in the end, an option may arise when one person rules society, imposing the only possible way of life on everyone. It’s worth reading at least one dystopia to understand how bad life would be in this situation.

Examples of customs

Today there are many rituals that people perform automatically, without even thinking about their essence. The sources of custom are folk legends, transmitted in writing or by word of mouth. There are many examples that can be given.

When meeting on the street, men take off their gloves to shake hands. It seems to be a sign of courtesy and attention, but this custom has long roots. Previously, men took off their gloves to show that they did not hide weapons there, and as a result, their intentions were pure.

Another example of a custom is Maslenitsa. More precisely, the rituals associated with this holiday. For example, burning an effigy. This custom also has long roots going back to ancient times. By burning effigies, people say goodbye to winter and welcome spring.

Jumping over a fire is considered another Russian custom. True, few people have been doing this lately. But before this kind of fun was popular. A guy and a girl were jumping over the fire, holding hands. If they did not release their hands and successfully overcame the obstacle, it was believed that their life together would be long and happy. But if young people moved away from each other during the jump, this meant that they were not destined to be together.

Unusual customs

It doesn’t seem strange to us Russians to burn an effigy on Maslenitsa or decorate a Christmas tree for the New Year. But for Thais it is completely normal to launch boats down the river, in which people put flowers, put candles and light incense. This all happens in early November on a day dedicated to the spirits of water.

The norms of customs are determined by the society in which we live. And in other countries things are the same. In Turkey, for example, there is a custom: before a man takes a second wife, he must give his first chosen one jewelry worth 10 thousand dollars. This should prove to the woman that her husband is a wealthy man and will be able to feed both her and the second woman.

In Kenya there is a custom according to which the young husband must do all the work of his wife for a month. It is believed that after this acquired experience, he will not reproach the woman all his life for doing nothing while doing housework.

A custom is a historically emerged stereotypical rule of behavior that is reproduced in a social group or society and becomes familiar to its members. A custom is based on a detailed pattern of actions in a specific situation, for example, how to treat family members, how to resolve conflicts, how to build business relationships, etc. Outdated customs are most often replaced over time by new ones that are more in line with modern requirements.

“Custom is older than the law,” says Ushakov’s dictionary. Let's look and try to determine what they are in different spheres of public life.

Does a behavioral pattern always become a custom?

As mentioned above, custom presupposes the existence of a behavioral pattern. But the latter cannot always act as a rule of behavior, since each person has the opportunity to choose one of the possible courses of action depending on his interests, goals or objectives.

And customs are formed only if the conditions of stereotyping and familiarity of a specific pattern of human behavior in the current situation are met. If following a custom is natural and does not require a mechanism of coercion or control over implementation, then it becomes a social norm of behavior.

An example of the emergence of a legal custom

If a custom is an established stereotype of behavior that is sanctioned by state authorities, then it has received legal status.

The formation of legal customs occurs as a result of many years of experience (and in this way they differ markedly from written law). For example, the creation of a system of law among the peoples of the Caucasus (belonging to the Russian Federation) was greatly influenced not only by Russian legislation and Sharia norms, but also by the centuries-old traditions of the mountain people.

These, of course, include reverence for elders in the family (which, by the way, is also associated with the famous phenomenon of longevity of Caucasians). Or, for example, a custom that limits contact in a family between people who have different blood relationships (a daughter-in-law and a father-in-law cannot meet in the house even by chance) - all these norms of customs have acquired legal status, enshrined in legislation.

Having become legal, customs also acquire legal significance: that is, a court or other government body can refer to them as a source of law.

If they are not supported by government authorities, then they remain at the level of everyday norms of behavior. For example, a custom in the Caucasus, officially prohibited, but actually continuing to exist, or the national custom of the Slavs to “wash” every significant event in the family or at work, which the law has also so far unsuccessfully fought.

What is legal custom: example

By the way, please note that the authorization of a legal custom is carried out in the form of a reference to it, and not to its textual enshrinement in the law. If consolidation has taken place, then the source of law becomes not custom, but the normative act in which it is reproduced.

As an example, we can cite an unwritten procedure that was once developed in representative bodies of power: the right to open the first meeting of the newly elected parliament was given to the oldest deputy. In the new Constitution of the Russian Federation (Part 3 of Article 99), this custom received legal confirmation and, accordingly, the highest legislative force.

Interaction of law and customs

Separately, it is worth considering the relationship between the customs existing in any society. How do legally established rules and folk customs inherent in individual social groups or strata of society interact?

Most often, such relationships come down to a few basic options.

• Customs that are useful for the state and society are supported by legal norms and conditions are created for their implementation (respect for elders, care for children, priorities in property relations, etc.).
• Legal norms periodically serve to supplant customs harmful to society, such as, for example, excessive consumption of alcohol or, among certain nationalities, bride price, blood feud, bride price and some Sharia norms. There are customs associated with racial or religious intolerance that are naturally cut off by the state.
• In some cases, legal norms are indifferent to customs, mainly if they relate to interpersonal relationships or everyday behavior.

Examples of legislative consolidation of folk customs

After a custom acquires a legal character and its observance is ensured by a state control mechanism, it acquires a more stable position.

An example is the ancient customs characteristic of the communal system in Russian villages. They are from the beginning of the 20th century. formed the basis of regulatory legal acts of land use and land relations. All disputes that arose during the use of the allotment were resolved at the village meeting, and they went to court only in cases where one of the parties believed that the decision made was unfair.

The principle of resolving in court such issues as grassing of crops, distortion (violation of the boundary during mowing), sowing of a neighboring wedge, etc. was mainly dictated by the customs of compensating for the damage caused by an equal action or determining the price for it: “you sowed my strip , and I will sow yours,” “for the grain harvest collected from an unauthorized wedge - 8 kopecks to the owner, and 8.5 for work.”

The relationship between civil and customary law in Russia

True, in the judicial practice of the Russian Federation in our time, references to .

But in the country the practice of concluding civil contracts based on compliance with ordinary norms is intensively developing, and the formation of corporate codes in a similar way is also practiced. Custom is a source of law that is applicable primarily in the region since there participants in legal relations have a certain freedom of choice.

What are business customs?

As mentioned above, legal custom has become most widespread in civil law. The Civil Code of the Russian Federation determines that business custom is an established rule of conduct, universally applied in one or another area of ​​business activity, not provided for by law and regardless of whether it was recorded in any document or not.

For example, every Monday at enterprises in Russia it is customary to hold planning meetings; travel in a minibus in most cities of the country is paid immediately at the entrance, and in Irkutsk, on the contrary, at the exit or during negotiations taking place in a cafe or restaurant, unless this is specified additionally, ladies don't pay for themselves. Such customs include a handshake, which confirms the outcome of any agreement and the legal force that a receipt certified only by a signature has, etc.

The development of entrepreneurship was the impetus for the emergence of new rules in doing business and business customs. They complement existing legislative acts in cases where the latter cannot fully satisfy the needs of any area of ​​business relations. Thus, it is mentioned, for example, that the fulfillment of obligations must strictly comply with the requirements of the law or legal acts, and in the absence of such, with business customs. Art. has a similar link. 82, contained in the Customs Code of the Russian Federation.

How do multinational customs coexist in Russia?

The peoples inhabiting Russia represent many ethnic groups with different cultures, traditions and customs. Throughout the history of the state, this situation has dictated the need to take into account the national factor in legal regulation.

At different times, the state’s attitude towards the possibility of applying customary norms was different: from following the principle of the free development of national minorities to determining criminal liability for making decisions based on the customs of the indigenous population.

But in Russia, regardless of the official position, traditional legal systems have always existed, creating at times a situation of double regulation. By the way, it has survived to this day, although it has moved to a new level of interaction between positive (state) and traditional law.

Conclusion

As can be seen from the above, custom is a stereotype of behavior, which can also be a source of law. Customs are modified: some of them are introduced by social practice, some are imposed by certain strata of society, some become outdated and disappear.

Customs act as norms that complement the law, as well as indicators of what is proper and possible in the life of each member of society; they are created by people, and their application contributes to raising the level of legal culture, as well as the accumulation of experience in relations between citizens of a state striving to establish comprehensive democracy.

In our language there are a large number of familiar words, the meaning of which cannot always be quickly explained. For example, not everyone can tell you what tradition is, even though all people encounter its varieties every day in one way or another.

Tradition - what is it?

The concept comes from the Latin word traditio, the literal translation of which is “transmission.” Thus, the meaning of what the word tradition means comes down to the transmission of something in a specific environment without belonging to a specific individual. A more complete interpretation of the concept is the historically established transfer of socio-cultural heritage from person to person or from generation to generation.

Any intangible values, principles and methods of action in specific situations can be transferred. Traditions allow a person to act in a certain way in a specific situation, without comprehending it and making an independent decision. These include the following components:

• behavioral habits;
• views;
• tastes;
• rules and regulations;
• skills and abilities.

The concept of what tradition is includes its various varieties:

• family;
• professional;
• national;
• cultural;
• culinary;
• religious;
• social.

What are traditions for?

Many traditions become outdated and forgotten over time and the change of eras, while others continue to function in society. That is, they can be progressive, associated with development, and reactionary, which are relics of the past. The main functions of why traditions are needed in modern society come down to the following postulates:

How do traditions differ from customs?

Very closely related to the explanation of what traditions are are customs - these are certain norms, rituals and features of interaction that have a national connection. However, it is not uncommon for both of these concepts to be used as synonyms, the differences of which depend on the interpretation of each. It is believed that customs represent a certain automatic habit, while traditions are a set of customs, a kind of direction of activity. This division is considered conditional, because concepts can affect all spheres of society, from personal and family to universal.

What are family traditions?

The concept of what family traditions are includes norms and rules of behavior accepted in a particular unit of society, general rituals and views passed down from generation to generation. Moreover, these are not always specific actions, but rather the general atmosphere of the family, which can include the daily routine and habits of all members of the house. The concept of family traditions is always emotionally charged. These are usually pleasant memories from childhood that are rooted deep in the subconscious.

By creating a new unit of society, husband and wife bring into it the traditions of their families, which may differ. However, for spouses these are habitual actions and views, organically integrated into their lives from early childhood. During family life, they can change and transform. In addition, it is quite acceptable to generate new customs, which are the spiritual foundation of the family.

Why are family traditions important?

Philosophers and psychologists, describing why family traditions are needed, highlight the following aspects:

What are the family traditions?

Each home may have its own unique or completely typical customs. As an example of what is included in the spiritual traditions of families, we can cite:

What are national traditions?

The concept of what folk traditions are combines the rules and stereotypes of behavior, forms of communication between people of the same nationality, which have developed over a long period of time in the life of a nation and are rooted in the consciousness of a person belonging to it. Some national traditions can be enshrined at the legislative level. Failure to comply will result in both public censure and administrative or even criminal punishment.

A striking example of what the traditions of a people mean is the celebration of Maslenitsa among the Slavs or the wearing of a special scarf covering a woman’s head among Muslim peoples. Each nationality has its own unique and inimitable traditions. For example, in China it is customary to give a guest that thing in the house that aroused his delight and earned him praise. The greeting handshake is more typical among European peoples.

What are cultural traditions?

What is a cultural tradition includes the sociocultural heritage of generations, reproduced in certain social groups. This concept is similar, but not identical, to national customs, since culture can include the traditions of a particular country, science or style of thinking. All of them are accepted and interpreted by subsequent generations, being the basis for the development of new values.

Vivid examples of what the cultural tradition of a certain people is:

What are culinary traditions?

Having understood what the concept of tradition means, we can highlight its specific culinary orientation. It is strongly connected with national and cultural values, being a logical continuation of the territorial origin of its carriers, their religion and value systems. This concept is otherwise called the cuisine of the peoples of the world, which includes:

What are religious traditions?

A special variety are the religious customs of different faiths. Understanding what such traditions provide, scientists unanimously consider them to be a connecting link between adherents of different faiths, geographically distant from each other. The traditions of Muslims are for the most part the same among adherents of this faith in Russia, the UAE and America. Many beliefs have a standard answer to the constant questions of young people about why they need to honor the traditions of their religion in saving the soul from chaos, fall and ordering of life.