It is associated with death or the lack of fear of it. In fact, this symbol has been used since ancient times and can mean not only death, but also vital energy and concentration of the intellect. The image of a death’s head is used in Orthodoxy, the so-called “Adam’s head”, and this design is also used to decorate the hall on Halloween. As you already understand, today our lesson is dedicated to the skull.

Step by step	Draw with a pencil	Human skull	Side view	Easy example
Pirate	With bones	With a snake	With flowers	Fiery

How to draw a skull step by step

Stage 1
Start your drawing with a sketch. Outline the silhouette of the head in a ¾ spread. Draw a semicircle, then draw the outline of the lower jaw and highlight the temporal lobe. Divide the front part with two horizontal lines.

Stage 2
To maintain symmetry, divide your face with a vertical stripe. Draw the outlines of the eye sockets and nasal bone. Sketch the cheekbones and jaw. Draw the details of the temporal lobe.

Stage 3
At this stage it is necessary to depict the teeth and other details of the jaws. Erase the guide lines and add additional contours to the main outline in the eye sockets, nasal bone and the upper plane of the cheekbones. With this trick you will achieve volume in your drawing.

Stage 4
Darken the eye sockets and the rest of the inner parts. Draw small details.

Stage 5
At the final stage, do not rush, shade, play with tones, achieve the correct transmission of light and shadow. You can use a piece of white paper and smooth out the strokes in a circular motion.

Drawing a skull with a pencil

Images in pencil on a white background create contrast, they are rich, and immediately attract the attention of viewers.

Using a hard pencil, sketch out the main features. Draw the frontal bone in the form of a circle, then draw the cheekbones and lower jaw. Roughly mark the eye sockets and nasal cleft, and also draw a line where the teeth will be. Don't put pressure on the pencil, this is a sketch.

Draw the temporal lobes. To depict the eye sockets, draw quadrilaterals with rounded corners, and the nose can be compared to an inverted triangle. Draw small details.

Use a dark pencil to draw all the internal planes and begin shading.

Add details, such as broken bones. Armed with different pencils, apply chiaroscuro and shadow on a horizontal surface.

How to draw a human skull

Geometric shapes can be used to depict the proportional skeleton of the head.
Draw 2 circles and draw a grid as shown in the picture.

Thanks to the drawn grid, draw the outlines of the eyes, nose and mouth symmetrically. Outline the cheek bones and small details of the “face”.

Arm yourself with an eraser and remove the excess pencil. Shade the head, not forgetting about the play of light and shadow.

This is how the drawing turned out.

Side view

The famous lines come to mind: “To be or not to be? - that is the question". We tell you: “Be!” Follow the diagram below and you will end up with an amazing image.

Outline the main outlines - this is the shape of the head, the eye socket, the temporal bone and other little things.

Outline the eye, cheekbone, outline the mouth. Trace the outlines and start shading.

Draw the teeth and sketch the crock with small strokes, depict a split in the temporal bone. Add shadows.

Since our subject is lying on a surface, show the shadow falling on it. Ready!

Easy example

For beginner artists, we suggest drawing an easy way to draw a skull. It is not realistic, but it retains the very essence.

Outline a circle, then add a U-shaped line to it. Then draw with a curved line something similar to a pot or a horseshoe (as your imagination allows).

Draw the eye sockets and oval nose. From your “horseshoe” draw the upper jaw and 2 rows of teeth. Draw a crack on the back of the head.

Erase the auxiliary lines and outline the skull.

Shade the drawing, making dark spots in places.

Drawing a pirate skull

Drawing a pirate flag is quite simple: the outline of a skeleton head and crossed knuckles, it is also called the Jolly Roger. But we bring to your attention Jack Rackham's pirate flag, where sabers cross.

Skull and crossbones

We already mentioned the Jolly Roger in the previous paragraph. It has various variations in its design. The skeleton itself can be frontal or in profile, and the bones can be located below the head or located behind it.

Outline the silhouette and outline the future bones with lines. Draw one vertical and two horizontal lines. Draw the eye slits, nose and jaws. Trace the outline of Roger and the bones. Next, carefully shade, use different shading tones. We invite you to watch the video tutorial.

Skull with snake

Conduct various experiments. For example, depicting Adam’s head with a snake coming out of the eye sockets, by the way, is a popular tattoo design.

The basic principles remain the same. First make a sketch. Then, according to the usual scheme, draw all the details of the head and draw the snake. Pay attention to the correct positioning of the snake's head. Next, apply shading.
Attached is a video master class.

Skull with flowers

Another famous tattoo art is an image of a skeleton with a rose or other flowers.
You already know how to draw a head skeleton from different angles, so this won't be too difficult for you. Pay attention to the image of roses. They need to be conveyed in the most believable way, drawing out each petal and adding volume using the correct shading.
Check out the video tutorial.

How to draw a fiery skull

We offer here such a flight of fantasy, reminiscent of footage from the film “Ghost Rider”. We won't bore you with unnecessary words. In this example, you need to take time to draw the flames. Check out the step-by-step example below.

Skeleton

Also, you can see how to draw not only a skull, but the entire skeleton.

State (final) certification of 2011 (in a new form) in BIOLOGY of students who have mastered basic general education programs

Demo version control measuring materials for state (final) certification in 2011

(in a new form) in BIOLOGY for students who have mastered the basic general education programs of basic general education

prepared by the Federal State Scientific Institution

"FEDERAL INSTITUTE OF PEDAGOGICAL MEASUREMENTS" Demonstration version of control measuring materials for carrying out in 2011 the state (final) certification (in a new form) in BIOLOGY of students who have mastered the basic general education programs of basic general education

Explanations for the demo version of the examination paper

When reading the 2011 Demo, please note that the tasks included in the demo are Not reflect all content issues that will be tested using CMM options in 2011. A complete list of content elements that can be controlled in the 2011 exam is given in the content element codifier posted on the website www.fipi.ru.

The purpose of the demonstration version is to enable any exam participant and the general public to get an idea of ​​the structure of the future examination paper, the number and form of tasks, as well as their level of difficulty. The given criteria for assessing the completion of tasks with a detailed answer, included in this option, will allow you to get an idea of ​​the requirements for the completeness and correctness of recording a detailed answer.

Demo version 2011

Instructions for performing the work

You are given 2.5 hours (150 minutes) to complete the exam paper in biology. The work consists of 3 parts, including 32 tasks.

Part 1 contains 24 tasks (A1–A24). For each task there are 4 possible answers, of which only one is correct. When completing tasks in Part 1, circle the number of the selected answer in the exam paper. If you circled the wrong number, cross that circled number and then circle the number for the correct answer.

Part 2 includes 4 short answer tasks (Q1–Q4). For tasks in Part 2, the answer is written down in the examination paper in the space provided. If you write down an incorrect answer, cross it out and write a new one next to it.

Part 3 contains 4 tasks (C1–C4), to which you should give a detailed answer. Assignments are completed on a separate sheet.

We advise you to complete the tasks in the order in which they are given. To save time, skip a task that you cannot complete immediately and move on to the next one. If you have time left after completing all the work, you can return to the missed tasks.

The points you receive for all completed tasks are summed up. Try to complete as many tasks as possible and score the maximum possible number of points.

We wish you success!

Part 1

When completing tasks with a choice of answers (these are tasks A1–A24), circle number the correct answer in the exam paper.

Which of the following functions is performed by the cell organelle shown in the figure?

1) protein synthesis 2) excretion

3) photosynthesis

4) breathing

A4 Representatives of which division of the plant kingdom? What organ system do the human endocrine glands form? shown in the picture?

1) circulatory

3) Angiosperms 4) excretory

4) Horsetails

Consider the pattern of the reflex arc. What number is the working body shown on it?

Why, before placing cut flowers in water, should all lower leaves be removed from the shoot?

1) moisture evaporation will decrease 1) 1 2) 2 3) 4 4) 5

2) plants will become more attractive

cabbage white butterflies?

1) egg → butterfly

2) egg → butterfly → larva

3) egg → larva → pupa → butterfly

4) egg → pupa → larva → butterfly

Determine by appearance parrot's beak, what does it eat in its natural environment?

Before the use of vaccines, many children in our country suffered from whooping cough. Which

1) immunity in flying insects occurs after a person has suffered this infectious

2) diseases caused by mouse-like rodents?

3) hard fruits 1) natural congenital

4) green shoots 2) artificial active

3) natural acquired

A13 Blood in the human body turns from venous to arterial after leaving

1) capillaries of the lungs 2) left atrium

3) liver capillaries 4) right ventricle

1) D 2) C 3) A 4) B 1

Olfactory receptors in humans are located in

1) oral cavity 2) nasal cavity

3) areas of the soft palate

4) areas of the larynx

Which of the following types of human activity according to I.P. Can Pavlova be classified as a conditioned reflex?

1) adherence to the usual daily routine

2) a person turns his head to an unfamiliar sound

3) painting by an artist

4) withdrawing the hand from a hot object

Wearing glasses with biconvex lenses helps with

1) farsightedness

2) color blindness

3) cataract

4) myopia

Examine an x-ray of a person's lower limb. What musculoskeletal injury is shown in the image?

2) fracture

3) ligament rupture

The diagram shows the diet of a mammal. What kind of habitat must an animal live in to eat this way?

3) ground-air

A21 Thanks to the activity of earthworms in ecosystems,

1) suppression of the development of soil organisms

2) damage to plant roots

3) spread of plant pathogens

4) increasing soil fertility

There is a specific relationship between the objects and processes listed in the columns of the table below.

What concept should be entered in the blank in this table?

1) mitochondria

2) cell center

3) ribosome

4) vacuole

How do angiosperms differ from gymnosperms? Choose three correct answers out of six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

1) characterized by a variety of life forms

2) reproduce by seeds

3) have well-developed vegetative organs

4) capable of forming extensive forests

5) form juicy and dry fruits

6) pollinated by insects and birds Answer: __________________

2) clamp the blood product with the holder paws

3) place the blood microspecimen on the stage

4) looking through the eyepiece, adjust the light

5) slowly move the microscope tube closer to the blood microscope until you see a clear image of the frog’s blood

Answer: __________________

Insert the missing terms from the proposed list into the text “Protein Biosynthesis”, using numerical notations. Write down the numbers of the selected answers in the text, and then enter the resulting sequence of numbers (according to the text) in the table below.

PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS

As a result of plastic metabolism, body-specific proteins are synthesized in cells. The section of DNA that encodes information about the structure of one protein is called ______(A). Protein biosynthesis begins with the synthesis of ______(B), and the assembly itself occurs in the cytoplasm with the participation of ______(C). The first stage of protein biosynthesis is called _________(G), and the second is translation.

List of terms:

3) transcription

4) mutation 5) gene

6) ribosome

7) Golgi complex

8) phenotype

Part 3

For answers to tasks C1–C4, use a separate sheet. First write down the number of the task (C1, etc.), and then the answer to it.

The French writer humanist Francois Rabelais put into the mouth of one of his characters a phrase that became a catchphrase: “Appetite comes with eating.”

What is appetite? Using knowledge of the physiological mechanism of appetite, explain the meaning of the catchphrase.

Read the text "" and complete tasks C2–C3.

THE ARISE OF ADAPTATIONS IN ANIMALS

Charles Darwin, trying to figure out the mechanism of evolution, suggested that the reasons for the appearance of differences between individuals of the same species are hereditary variability, the struggle for existence and natural selection. As a result of variability, new characteristics appear. Some of them are inherited. In nature, there is a struggle between individuals for food, water, light, territory, and a sexual partner. If new characteristics turn out to be useful for an individual under certain environmental conditions, helping to survive and leave offspring, then they are preserved by natural selection and fixed in generations during the process of reproduction. Individuals with harmful traits are eliminated. The scientist confirmed his assumptions by observing the work of breeders. He discovered that in the process of artificial selection, a person crosses individuals with certain characteristics desired by the breeder and obtains various breeds and varieties. Charles Darwin suggested that something similar happens in nature. As a result of natural selection, individuals emerge that have new adaptations to environmental conditions.

Read the text “The Emergence of Adaptations in Animals.” Fill in the table “Comparative characteristics of scientists on the causes of adaptations in animals” in the columns indicated by numbers

Assessment system for examination work in biology Part 1

For correct completion of tasks A1–A24, 1 point is awarded.

Part 2

Behind correct answer to each tasks B1–B4 are given 2 points.

For the answer to task B1, 1 point is given if the answer contains any two numbers presented in the answer standard, and 0 points in all other cases. If the examinee indicates more characters in the answer than in the correct answer, then for each extra character 1 point is reduced (up to 0 points inclusive).

For the answer to tasks B2, 1 point is given if 1 mistake is made, and 0 points if 2 or more mistakes are made.

For answers to tasks B3 and B4, 1 point is given if the symbol written in any one position of the answer is not the one presented in the answer standard, and 0 points in all other cases.

Part 3

CRITERIA FOR EVALUATING TASK COMPLETION WITH

DETAILED REPLY

The tasks in this part are graded depending on the completeness and correctness of the answer.

The French writer humanist Francois Rabelais put into the mouth of one of his characters a phrase that became a catchphrase: “Appetite comes with eating.” What is appetite? Using knowledge of the physiological mechanism of appetite, explain the meaning of the catchphrase.

THE ARISE OF ADAPTATIONS IN ANIMALS

Biologists of the 19th century J.-B. Lamarck and Charles Darwin explained the reasons for the emergence of new species in different ways. The first believed that new characters in animals and plants appear as a result of their internal desire to form new adaptations. It forces organisms to exercise in achieving their goals and thus acquire new properties. Thus, according to Lamarck, the giraffe, which hunts for food in tall trees, developed a long neck, ducks and geese developed webbed feet, and deer, forced to butt heads, developed antlers. It is not for nothing that the scientist believed that it is not the organ being exercised that gradually disappears, but the organ being exercised is improving. In addition, Lamarck believed that traits acquired by the body as a result of exercise are always useful, and they are necessarily inherited.

Charles Darwin, trying to figure out the mechanism of evolution, suggested that the reasons for the appearance of differences between individuals of the same species are hereditary variability, the struggle for existence and natural selection. As a result of variability, new characteristics appear. Some of them are inherited. In nature, there is a struggle between individuals for food, water, light, territory, and a sexual partner. If new characteristics turn out to be useful for an individual under certain environmental conditions, helping to survive and leave offspring, then they are preserved by natural selection and fixed in generations during the process of reproduction. Individuals with harmful traits are eliminated. The scientist confirmed his assumptions by observing the work of breeders. He discovered that in

In the process of artificial selection, a person crosses individuals with certain characteristics desired by the breeder and obtains various breeds and varieties. Charles Darwin suggested that something similar happens in nature. As a result of natural selection, individuals emerge that have new adaptations to environmental conditions.

Read the text. Fill in the table “Comparative characteristics of scientists’ views on the causes of adaptations in animals” in the columns marked with numbers 1, 2, 3.

It is not necessary to redraw the table when completing the task.

It is enough to write down the column number and the content of the missing element.

COMPARATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF SCIENTISTS' VIEWS ON THE REASONS FOR THE ARISE OF ADAPTATIONS IN ANIMALS

animals" and knowledge of the course, explain how it could arise

adaptation to the distribution of winged fruits in maple.

Study the table “The influence of main factors on human health.” Answer the questions.

Table. The influence of the main factors on human health(V %)

Which of the following health disorders is most related to a person’s lifestyle? Offer at least two recommendations to reduce harmful effects of this risk factor on student health at school.

When completing multiple-choice tasks (these are tasks A1–A12), circle the number of the correct answer in the exam paper.

A1. The use of which scientific method illustrates the plot of the painting by the Dutch artist J. Steen “Pulse”, written in the middle of the 17th century?

1) modeling 2) observation 3) experiment

4) measurement

A2 . Which of the following functions is performed by the cell organelle shown in the figure?1) protein synthesis 2) excretion 3) photosynthesis 4) respiration

A3. What is contained in the black balls at the ends of the long branches of the mucor mushroom?
1) microscopic seeds
2) nutrients
3) mineral salts
4) disputes

A4. Representatives of which division of the Plant kingdom are shown in the picture?
1) Bryophytes 2) Gymnosperms 3) Angiosperms 4) Horsetails

A5 . Why, before placing cut flowers in water, should all lower leaves be removed from the shoot?
1) moisture evaporation will decrease
2) plants will become more attractive
3) the rate of photosynthesis in the remaining leaves will increase
4) the movement of nutrients along the shoot will improve

A6. What sequence of stages of individual development is characteristic of the cabbage white butterfly?
1) egg→ butterfly
2) egg→ butterfly → larva
3) egg→ larva → pupa → butterfly
4) egg→ pupa → larva → butterfly

A7 . What distinguishes an ape from a human?
1) general plan of the structure 2) level of metabolism
3) the structure of the forelimbs
4) caring for offspring

A8. What organ system do the human endocrine glands form?
1) circulatory 2) endocrine
3) digestive 4) excretory

A9 . Consider the pattern of the reflex arc. What number is the working body shown on it?

1) 1 2) 2 3) 4 4) 5

A10. The picture shows a human skull. What letter on it indicates the bone that protects the auditory zone of the cerebral cortex?

1) A 2) B 3) C 4) D

A11. Before the use of vaccines, many children in our country suffered from whooping cough. What kind of immunity occurs after a person has suffered from this infectious disease?
1) natural congenital 2) artificial active
3) natural acquired 4) artificial passive

A12 . Blood in the human body turns from venous to arterial after leaving
1) capillaries of the lungs 2) left atrium
3) liver capillaries 4) right ventricle

Part 2

Select multiple options for answers.

B1. How do angiosperms differ from gymnosperms? Choose three correct answers out of six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) characterized by a variety of life forms 2) reproduce by seeds
3) have well-developed vegetative organs
4) capable of forming extensive forests
5) form juicy and dry fruits
6) pollinated by insects and birds

B2. Arrange the instructions for working with a fixed microscopic specimen of frog blood in the correct order. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers in your answer.
1) sketch a microscopic specimen of blood, make symbols
2) clamp the blood product with the holder paws
3) place the blood microspecimen on the stage
4) looking through the eyepiece, adjust the light
5) slowly move the microscope tube closer to the blood microscope until you see a clear image of the frog’s blood

Answer: ____________________________.

Part 3

For answers to tasks C1–C2, use a separate sheet. First write down the number of the task (C1, etc.), and then the answer to it.

C1 . The French writer humanist Francois Rabelais put into the mouth of one of his characters a phrase that became a catchphrase: “Appetite comes with eating.”
What is appetite? Using knowledge of the physiological mechanism of appetite, explain the meaning of the catchphrase.

C2 . Study the table “The influence of main factors on human health.”
Answer the questions.
Table. Influence of main factors on human health (in%)

Which of the following health disorders is most related to a person’s lifestyle? Offer at least two recommendations to reduce exposure

Assessment system for examination work in biology

Part 1

For the correct answer to each task in Part 1, 1 point is given, an incorrect answer or no answer is given - 0 points.

Part 2

For the correct answer to each of the tasks B1–B2, 2 points are awarded.

For the answer to task B1, 1 point is given if the answer contains any two numbers presented in the answer standard, and 0 points in all other cases. If the examinee indicates more characters in the answer than in the correct answer, then for each extra character 1 point is reduced (up to 0 points inclusive).

For answers to tasks B2, 1 point is given if the symbol written in any one position of the answer is not the one presented in the answer standard, and 0 points in all other cases.

Part 3

C1.

For answers to tasks 29-32, use a separate sheet. First write down the number of the task (29, 30, etc.), and then the answer to it. Write down your answers clearly and legibly.

KIWI BIRD

Kiwis, or wingless birds, are flightless ratites of New Zealand. Kiwi is the size of a regular chicken, weighing from 1.4 to 4 kg. Sexual dimorphism is characteristic: females are larger than males. The kiwi has a pear-shaped body, with a small head and short neck. Kiwi feathers are more like thick wool, they are soft gray or light brown. Kiwi is characterized by the greatest reduction in wings among birds: they are only 5 cm in length and are almost invisible among the plumage. However, the kiwi has retained the habit of hiding its beak under its wing when resting. Kiwis have short but very strong four-toed legs with sharp claws. The kiwi has no tail. The skeleton is not pneumatic, the bones are heavy.

Kiwis do not rely on vision - their eyes are very small, only 8 mm in diameter. Hearing and smell are much better developed. Kiwi has a very long, flexible, thin, straight or slightly curved beak, which reaches a length of 95-105 mm in males and 110-120 mm in females. The nostrils of the kiwi open at the end of the beak, while in other birds they open at the base of the beak.

The normal body temperature of kiwi is 38 °C, which is two degrees lower than that of other birds and closer to the body temperature of mammals.

Kiwis live primarily in damp evergreen forests. Long fingers on their feet help them not to get stuck in swampy ground. They lead an exclusively twilight and nocturnal lifestyle. During the day, the kiwi hides in a dug hole, hollow or under tree roots. The great gray kiwi's burrows are a real labyrinth with several exits.

Kiwis are extremely territorial birds, and the mating pair, and especially the male, fiercely defends its nesting area, which can occupy from 2 to 100 hectares, from competitors. Birds mark the boundaries of their territory using cries that can be heard several kilometers away at night. Kiwis go hunting approximately 30 minutes after sunset. Their food consists of insects, mollusks and earthworms, as well as fallen berries and fruits. Kiwis search for prey using their sense of smell and touch - by raking the ground with their feet and plunging their beaks deep into it, they literally “sniff out” worms and insects. On occasion, kiwis do not refuse small amphibians and crustaceans.

Unlike most birds, female kiwis have both functioning ovaries, not just the left one. Kiwi is the record holder among birds for the relative size of eggs laid: in an ordinary kiwi, it weighs up to 450 g, about 1/4 of the mass of the bird itself. The laid egg is incubated by the male, who leaves him only during feeding.

The incubation period takes 75-85 days. Parents usually do not care for the offspring and abandon them immediately after hatching. The life expectancy of kiwi is long - up to 50-60 years.

1) Where does the kiwi bird live?

2) Where are the nostrils located on the kiwi’s beak?

3) How do kiwis mark the boundaries of their territories?

Show answer

1) In New Zealand.

2) The nostrils of a kiwi open at the end of its beak.

3) Birds indicate the boundaries of their territory using calls.

Study the table “Groups of elements according to their content in living organisms.” Answer the questions.

Groups of elements according to their content in living organisms

1) Which element is more abundant in living organisms than others (in dry matter)?

2) Which group of elements does it belong to?

3) What substances does it contain?

Show answer

The correct answer must contain the following elements:

1) carbon;

2) to macroelements;

3) all organic substances, carbonates, etc.

Alexey rode his bicycle to the dacha at a speed of 16 km/h for 1 hour and 40 minutes.

Using the data from tables 1 and 2, offer Alexey a menu that is optimal in terms of calorie content, allowing him to compensate for energy costs.

When choosing, keep in mind that Alexey loves a pork sandwich.

In your answer, indicate energy costs, recommended dishes, caloric content of lunch and the amount of carbohydrates in it.

Energy and nutritional value of products